VCV48

 Vacuus...

The central idea of these works is that the universe is not an empty and uniform space, but a medium with an internal structure similar to that of a crystal. This "cosmic crystal" unwinds with torsion like pitch or tar with a twist. This simplistic comparison will serve us to describe space-time.

The vacuum has properties that affect how we see galaxies and how the universe expands.

The Discoveries of Vorticity and Frequencies.

The analysis of millions of galaxies, from the closest ones observed by SDSS-DESI to the most distant ones captured by the James Webb telescope, has revealed an unexpected pattern. Galaxies are not randomly distributed; rather, they seem to group together following a rhythm or a fundamental frequency.

The end of universal constants could be another consequence. I say it like that, gently, so as not to hurt the feelings of my chemistry teachers in their graves. Thank goodness they are no longer alive to see this heresy... And get angry with me again for being a bad student...

A periodicity with a base frequency that repeats over and over again was discovered. It is as if the universe had its own heartbeat that organizes matter on a large scale. In addition to this fundamental frequency, harmonics were found, which are multiples of that base frequency. This is very similar to the musical notes that resonate in an instrument. The presence of these harmonics is a strong signal that space-time behaves as a structured medium.

As the universe ages and expands, this crystalline structure seems to "melt" or lose its rigidity. The data show a clear transition: in the early and distant universe, the coherence of this crystalline structure was very high, vibrating in higher harmonics. In the local and current universe, that coherence has decreased drastically. It is as if the crystal had relaxed, and that vibration energy had been transformed into a rotational movement or vorticity on smaller scales, such as in the halos of galaxies (where there are two effects, vorticity and the change in vacuum tension).

The Mathematical Environment Developed.

To make sense of these observations, a complete mathematical framework was developed called the Primordial Vorticity Model (VPM) and later Vitrum Cosmicum Vacui (VCV48). This model is not based on mysterious "dark matter" or "dark energy," but on field physics.

The model surprisingly coincides in some frequency with other field theories of ultralight particles (axions, not yet detected, probably cannot be detected in the traditional way) that permeate the universe. The equations describe how this field interacts with gravity and how it generates two main effects:

1. A large-scale effect that conditioned the formation of cosmic structures in the past.

2. A local effect that creates centrifugal pressure (vorticity) in galaxies.

Note: the universe was born out of phase. That is, probably a change of state.

Gravity is a property of matter. But the planet Earth distorts the space-time around it. Empty space gravitates... Otherwise, it would not fold around a planet.

Now, Einstein wondered in that famous photo after visiting and congratulating Hubble whether the Ricci Tensor was equal to zero or not. And I add with the Energy-Momentum Tensor equal to zero.

I am giving an example of ancient physics. So that everyone understands and as a mental game out loud for myself, to be able to understand what happens. Basically, we need a Theory of Everything. Because we need to fine-tune the measurements. But we cannot advance with the same mathematical framework from 100 years ago. We need to adjust our aim.

This mathematical framework manages to attack two major discrepancies in modern cosmology: the tension in measuring the Hubble constant (the speed of expansion of the universe) and the tension in measuring the accumulation of matter. The model not only serves to analyze problems elegantly, but it also provides a theoretical framework that comes from observation and crystallography. Which are more down-to-earth than other more abstract scientific theories, and this one has fewer free parameters.

The Function of Rust-PyO3 in All This.

Analyzing millions of galaxies with such complex mathematical models is a titanic computational task. Here is where the key tool comes into play: Rust-PyO3.

Rust is an extremely fast and safe programming language, ideal for performing intensive numerical calculations. It was used to build the "calculation engine" or core of the model. It is the heavy machinery that processes the data.

Python (and its libraries like PyO3) is the standard language for data analysis in astronomy, known for its ease of use. It acts as the "control cabin" from which scientists manage the analysis.

The Rust-PyO3 combination allows the best of both worlds: the speed of Rust to process the enormous galaxy catalogs and run statistical simulations (such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo or MCMC), all controlled simply from Python.

Without this tool, the calculations necessary to validate the model with so much data and such precision would be practically impossible to perform in a reasonable time. And without memory overflow. Or false positives.

It is the bridge that connects mathematical theory with the raw reality of observational data.

Now the scientific analysis. We are entering the era of Artificial Intelligence models. We can use general models or use models trained by ourselves to automate processes.

What I want to highlight is...

These new mathematical environments and tools completely escape the current scientific community and the one in charge of evaluating scientific works. These possible discoveries—to be moderate in my statements—are the most important since the discovery of the wave equation and the Lorentz transformations that led to the development of Special Relativity and later General Relativity. Which for some scientists and journal editors is still under evaluation.

On the other hand. In these 5 years we are going to work shoulder to shoulder with AI, which leaves thousands of scientists (not only Trump cut the budget) and programmers in the world out of work.

Get ready because in 5 to 10 more years we won't need scientists and programmers... 

Preprints:

https://github.com/OAVallejos?tab=repositories

v4.0 10.5281/zenodo.17660235 (https://zenodo.org/records/17660235)

v4.1 10.5281/zenodo.17660493 (https://zenodo.org/records/17660493)

v4.2 10.5281/zenodo.17660624 (https://zenodo.org/records/17660624)

v4.3 10.5281/zenodo.17660871 (https://zenodo.org/records/17660871)

v4.4 10.5281/zenodo.17660994 (https://zenodo.org/records/17660994)

v4.5 10.5281/zenodo.17661137 (https://zenodo.org/records/17661137)

v4.6 10.5281/zenodo.17703235 (https://zenodo.org/records/17703235)

v4.7 10.5281/zenodo.17762249 (https://zenodo.org/records/17762249)

v4.8 10.5281/zenodo.17794421 (https://zenodo.org/records/17794421)

v4.9 10.5281/zenodo.18185752 (https://zenodo.org/records/18185752)

v5.0 10.5281/zenodo.18185954 (https://zenodo.org/records/18185954)

v5.1 10.5281/zenodo.18201956 (https://zenodo.org/records/18201956)

v5.2 10.5281/zenodo.18304768 (https://zenodo.org/records/18304768)

Vallejos, O. A. (2026). Evidence for Cosmic Harmonic Periodicity in Galaxy. (v1.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18406995

Evidence for Cosmic Harmonic Periodicity in Galaxy. (v1.2). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18445297

Discovery of Cosmic Crystal Structure at High Redshift. (v1.3). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18475085

Analysis of Cosmic Crystalline Structure. (v1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18528720

Observational Evidence of Cosmic Periodicity in 85,390 Galaxies from SDSS-V and JWST (v1.5) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18916234

Observational Validation of the Primordial Vorticity Model (VPM-VCV) (v1.6) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19074632

Vallejos, O. A. (2026). Vacuum Crystallography (Vitrum Cosmicum Vacui (VCV48)). (vA). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19091908

Vallejos, O. A. (2026). Vacuum Crystallography (Vitrum Cosmicum Vacui (VCV48)). (vB). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19094323

Vallejos, O. A. (2026). Vacuum Crystallography (Vitrum Cosmicum Vacui (VCV48)). (vC). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19095180

Vallejos, O. A. (2026). Vitrum Cosmicum Vacui (VCV48). (Annex I). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19487810